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Médard Chouart des Groseilliers (1618–1696) was a French explorer and fur trader in Canada. He is often paired with his brother-in-law Pierre-Esprit Radisson who was about 20 years younger. Their decision to enter the English service led to the foundation of the Hudson's Bay Company which in turn was a major factor in making western Canada English. He was born at Charly-sur-Marne in France and later called himself Sieur des Groseilliers after a farm his parents managed in Bassevelle. Some English documents call him Mr. Gooseberry which is the translation of his name. He came to Quebec about 1641 and became a ''donné'' or lay helper at the Jesuit missions in the Huron country. Here he learned the skills of a coureur des bois. In 1647 he married Helène, the daughter of Abraham Martin whose land later became famous as the Plains of Abraham. In 1653 he married his second wife, the widowed step-sister of Pierre-Esprit Radisson, Marguerite Hayet. After the Iroquois destroyed the Huron missions he worked to re-establish trade, especially in the Lake Superior region. He and Radisson went to Lake Superior in 1658/60 where they were among the first Europeans to contact the Sioux who then lived near the lake. From Cree traders they came to understand that the main source of furs lay northwest of the lake. In 1661/63 they journeyed to an uncertain location (guesses range from Lake Winnipeg to Rupert House). On their return they were fined most of their profits because they had left Quebec without a license. (The French in Canada had to choose between two policies. They could either build up a dense European settlement on the Saint Lawrence and let Indians bring furs to them, or spread out into a wilderness too large to administer or protect. Groseilliers was caught when the first policy was in effect). Groseilliers went to France to appeal, without success. From France he seems to have tried to organize an expedition into Hudson Bay. Disgusted with the French authorities, he and Radisson went to Boston where they organized another expedition into the bay which was turned back by the ice. At Boston in 1665 they met George Cartwright who had been involved in the 1664 British conquest of New York. Cartwright passed them to Sir George Carteret in England. Captured by Dutch privateers, they were put ashore in Spain. Reaching England, they were presented to King Charles and entered the circle of the Duke of York and Prince Rupert and General Monck. This combination of wilderness knowledge and political backing led to the formation of the Hudson's Bay Company. Plans were made, but nothing could be done because of the Dutch war. On June 3, 1668 two ships left England for Hudson Bay: the ''Nonsuch'' with Groseilliers and the ''Eaglet'' with Radisson. The ''Eaglet'' was caught in a storm and had to return. On 25 September the ''Nonsuch'' reached the mouth of the Rupert River where they built a fort for the winter. They left the following June and reached England in October 1669 with a rich cargo of furs. The Hudson's Bay Company was founded in May 1670. In 1670 Radisson and Groseilliers returned to the bay, claiming Port Nelson and trading at Rupert House They seem to have made several more trips. In 1674 he was at Rupert House when Father Charles Albanel arrived from Quebec to interfere with the English. The priest was taken into custody and sent to England on the same ship as Radisson and Grosseilliers. Father Albanel, and an offer of money, induced them to return to the French service. Having twice betrayed their masters, they hoped for favorable treatment in France but did not find it. They were shipped back to Canada where Frontenac was also suspicious. Groseilliers returned home to Trois-Rivieres and Radisson went to France. Without occupation, Radisson became a midshipman under Jean II d'Estrées and was nearly drowned at Las Aves. He went to England in an attempt to retrieve his wife, but her father would not allow her to go to France. He made feelers to rejoin the HBC, but these were rejected. In 1681 in Paris Radisson was approached by Charles Aubert de La Chesnaye and the following year they formed the ''Compaignie du Nord'' or ''Compaignie de la Baie D'Hudson'' to compete with the Hudson's Bay Company by tapping the richer furs northwest of the English posts on James Bay. The English had the same idea. In 1682 the brothers-in-law arrived at the mouth of the Hayes River and settled in. Six days earlier an unofficial expedition had arrived from Boston at the mouth of the Nelson River (Benjamin Guillam in the ''Bachelor's Delight''). The French became aware of the Bostonians when they fired a cannon for a funeral. France and England not being at war, the Radisson and Gillam made a truce. Returning from his meeting with Guillam, Radisson saw two more ships. These were the official Hudson's Bay Company ships (''Prince Rupert'' and ''Albemarle'' under Zachariah Gillam). Lighting a signal fire to keep the two English groups from meeting, Radisson made a second truce. On 21 October the ''Prince Rupert'' was lost in a storm. Later the two French ships were crushed by the ice and one had to be repaired by cannibalizing the other. The following February the Boston party was captured by the French. The HBC men were captured, probably in early summer when the ''Albemarle'' left for James Bay. On 27 July 1683 the French left for Quebec in the ''Bachelor's Delight'' with 2000 pelts. Most of the English were sent to the English posts in the repaired French ship. Groseilliers' son Jean-Baptiste Chuart and seven men were left at Port Nelson. In August the ''Albemarle'' returned from James Bay. It is not clear what happened, but both sides were able to trade for furs. (of this story do not make sense. Most of it comes from Radisson's account which is known to be inaccurate in places. ) When the brothers-in-law reached Quebec the authorities had a problem. England and France were at peace. Further the Catholic Duke of York was now governor of Hudson's Bay Company and was expected to become king and rule in the French interest. The ''Bachelor's Delight'' was either confiscated 〔Newman,page 102〕 or sent back to Boston with Benjamin Guillam.〔Morton, page 93〕 The brothers-in-law were made to pay the regular Quebec tax which was questionable since it was not certain that Hudson Bay was in Quebec. In 1684, for diplomatic reasons, France compensated the Hudson's Bay Company for its losses. Radisson went to France to straighten out the legal problems. Newman says that Groseilliers, now 65, retired in disgust to a small seigneury at Trois-Rivières and died in 1696. Morton says that he went to France with Radisson and separated from his brother-in-law when the latter rejoined the English. The ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography'' says that his fate is uncertain. ==Sources== *(Biography at the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online'' ) *Arthur S. Morton, ''A History of the Canadian West to 1870-71'', no date, but circa 1940 (University of Toronto Press; 2nd edition 1973 ISBN 978-0-8020-4033-6) *Peter C. Newman, ''Empire of the Bay'', 1998 ISBN 978-0-14-027488-2 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Médard des Groseilliers」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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